The Hypodermic Needle Theory

This theory represents the media, a powerful source, spoon feeding/ injecting ideas into peoples mind. As the audience are displayed as weak, passive and easy to 'drug'. This suggests that a media text/media group can 'inject' ideas, values and attitudes into the passive part of audience as they will believe there is only one way to look at it.
Uses and Gratifications Model
This theory link sup with Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, as the model stems from the idea that a complex audience will select media texts to suit them. These audience's are known to be active and make active decisions about it all. According to this theory, we all have different uses for the media text and makes choices over what we want to watch. Blumier and Katz (1975) went into further detail about this, and identified the 4 main uses:
Surveillance- our need to know what is going on in the world, relating to maslow's need of security. By keeping up to date with news about local and international events we feel we have the knowledge to avoid or deal with dangers. We satisfy our curiosity and also feel safer.
Personal Relationships/social interactions- our need to interact with other people. This is provided by forming virtual relationships with characters in soaps, films and all kinds of drama, and other programs and media texts.
Personal Identity- our need to identify ourselves. Part of our sense of self is informed by making judgements about all sorts of people and things. This is also true of judgements we make about TV and Film characters and celebrities. Our choice of music, the shows we watch, the stars we like can be an expression of our identity. one aspect of this type of gratification is known as the value reinforcement. this is where we choose television programmes or newspapers that have similar beliefs to those we hold. we can identify and relate to characters or their situations
Diversion- the need for escape, entertainment and relaxation. All types of television programmes can be 'used' to wind down and offer diversion, as well as satisfying some of the other needs at the same time.
This whole theory contradicts the hypodermic needle theory.
Reception Analysis
this is an active audience theory that looks into how audiences interact with a media text, taking into consideration their 'situated culture'- this is their daily life.
the theory was put forward by Stuart Hall with later research by David Morley and Charlotte Brunsden.
there are three ways an audience can be categorized
The dominant or preferred reading - the audience shares the code of the text and fully accepts its preferred meaning as intended by the producers.
The negotiated Reading - The audience partly shares the code of the text and broadly accepts the preferred meaning but can change the meaning in some way according to their own preferences.
The oppositional reading- the audience understands the preferred meaning but does not share the texts code and rejects this intended meaning. This can be called radical reading that may be, say Marxism or feminist or right wing.